Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Social Sciencee Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Social Sciencee Term paper - Essay Example If you want to even talk about firms setting prices you have to talk about firms that have some ability to do so, and those are firms that have some market power: they are imperfectly competitive. Is there any other method which can help us to resolve more effectively and efficiently the many problems which are menacing the foundations of Western society What is wrong with the alternative of Marxian economics as applied in the Socialist countries, which also harbor a plethora of unresolved problems Is the thinking of our time upside down, or are we using the wrong approach - both in the West and the East - and therefore cannot resolve the pending problems These are some of the leading questions to be answered during the rest of the twentieth century. First, he broke the prevailing conventional wisdom of the past, i.e. the classical economics and method of reasoning, and brought for debate a new economic vision where government intervention becomes a part of and a major rule in the economic system. This was a new economic philosophy in contrast to the classical view where government intervention in a free society was conceived as an exception to the rule or not needed at all, according to the formula of laissez-faire or "hands-off policy". Second, he wSecond, he was able to develop new tools of analysis like the multiplier theorem, the consumption function or the paradox of thrift - all devised to prove that his new economic philosophy based on the concept of active and permanent government intervention was necessary and workable. Third, he was able to induce a large number of his peers in the economic profession to accept and follow his method of approach and the overall conceptualization, even though this was a sort of inverted type of analysis when compared with classical economics, as will be shown later. The fact of the matter remains that his influence upon the thinking of his time was tremendous and unprecedented. Indeed, no other economist since Adam Smith enjoyed the opportunity to see that during his lifetime his ideas have conquered the world. This was a performance which raised Keynes to the status of the most influential economist of the twentieth century. A new composite method of approach: equilibrium vs. disequilibrium Classical economists were deficient in two major areas, one theoretical and the other practical. Their great performance was the study of stable equilibrium in theory where they found natural laws. This direction culminated with the formulation of the Walrasian theorem of general equilibrium. However, they were deficient in not having studied with the same diligence and attention problems of disequilibrium which were closer to the existing economic and financial conditions of their time. In other words, they were not aware of the existence of a gap between the harsh and unstable realities staring them in the face and the conceptual construction of an economics of stable equilib
Sunday, October 27, 2019
How Taoism Relates To Winnie The Pooh Philosophy Essay
How Taoism Relates To Winnie The Pooh Philosophy Essay This paper discusses how the book the Tao Of Pooh by Benjamin Hoff relates the concept of Taoism to the characters from the Winnie The Pooh by A A Milne and their application to life and therapy. In The Tao of Pooh, Benjamin Hoff utilizes characters from Winnie the Pooh to attempt to explain the fundamentals of Taoism. By observing Eeyore, Piglet, Rabbit, Owl, Tigger, and Pooh, it is easy to see that the actions of the character Pooh best describe Taoism. One of the most important principles of Taoism used in the book is the uncarved block. Hoff uses the characters from A A Milnes Winnie the Pooh books to illustrate and explain the basics of Taoist philosophy, showing how Pooh himself is the epitome of the Taoist thinker, enjoying life with simplicity but not stupidity. The author explains that Taoists try to appreciate, learn from, and work with whatever happens in life, whereas, in contrast, Confucianism attempts to impose order, and Buddhists see lifes tribulations as obstacles to be overcome before achieving Nirvana. He describes how Tao is the Way, which can be understood but not defined, and illustrates key elements of Tao such as Pu, the uncarved block, and Wu wei, goi ng with the flow. In case you should think that this book is altogether too simplistic, I should add that Hoff touches on the writings of Lao-Tzu (author of the Tao Te Ching), Chuang-tse, the poet Li Po, and other Taoist philosophers, giving his own interpretations of the passages. Hoff shows how Pooh best explains the Uncarved Block. The principle of the Uncarved Block is that things that are simple contain their own natural power, power that can be spoiled and lost when overcomplicated. Using the characters he shows how our lives can be sabotaged by errors in thinking and how it can be prevented. Hoff uses Rabbit to show when you are racing through life you can miss out on the valuable things that make up life itself. We seem to jeopardize ourselves by thinking too much of the self. Owl is used to show that when trying to find underlying meaning for everything you overcomplicate it. Hoff uses Piglet in the sense that Piglet is always scared and as a result scared to try things, if Piglet wouldnt dwell in worry, he would accomplish more, and find happiness .Sometimes staying less in your head is an advantage. Hoff goes on to show that the character of Eeyore is always depressed and dwells in negativity. If he abstained from this life would be completely different. Now finally we come to Pooh. The author exemplifies how Pooh doesnt stay in worry, nor is he over-analytical, he stays in the spontaneous. As a result of staying in the way he finds everything goes its own course and works out as a result of his non-action. Pooh goes with the flow of nature and doesnt interfere. He leads a life of simplicity and one free of worry. This is a perfect reflection of someone who follows the Tao. I think this is more or less a basic explanation of Tao and how to apply it to our lives by modeling out behavior in a likewise manner. There arent any obscure references here only face value application. The use of the cartoon characters that we all are familiar with is a very u seful strategy. It is a way of explanation that transcends all racial, sexual, gender barriers. For example, we wont try too hard or explain too much, because that would only Confuse things, and because it would leave the impression that it was all only an intellectual idea that could be left on the intellectual level and ignored. (p. 10) He uses each chapter of the book to teach a new principle of the Uncarved Block of Taoism. In each chapter he tells a Winnie the Pooh story and then explains how it relates to Taoism. Hoff writes a chapter teaching how cleverness does not always help, but it sometimes destroys things and is the reason that things do not work out. Hoff teaches that the Taoist believe that if you understand Inner Nature it is far more effective than knowledge or cleverness. He uses a poem called Cottleston Pie. The poem explains how things just are as they are and how people try to violate these principles with their everyday lives. There is also the story of Tigger and Roo. Tigger tries to be what he is not and as a result everything goes wrong and he always ends up getting stuck in a tree. Hoff also explains that working with Nature is best in the sense that you do not screw things up with a story about Eeyore getting stuck in the river. Everybody had been trying to think of clever ways to get Eeyore out of the river when Pooh said that if they just dropped a big stone into it, then it would just wash Eeyore ashore. He did it without even thinking, because thinking would complicate things, and of course it worked. Pooh worked with Nature and things worked out for him. As you can see, Hoff uses many different Winnie the Pooh stories to teach the uncomplicated ways of the Taoist. The only argument that Hoff really presents is whether or not the Taoist way is the best way and whether or not it really works. When you look at it from the point of Pooh and the stories he is a part of, you are able to see how easily the Taoist ideology fits snuggly into Pooh and his world. Obviously if you do not believe that cleverness and knowledge are not important, then you will not agree with anything Hoff is saying, but he makes you believe in showing you how it always works out with Pooh. He argues whether or not cleverness and knowledge really are important. For example, it can be explained in the story when Eeyore gets stuck in the river. Clever ways do not work, but Poohs simple way always seem to work surprisingly well. Hoff also argues how the Taoist believes that over exhausting ourselves needlessly only works against us. He uses Rabbit to explain this. Quite simply, Rabbit is always in a hurry, he is the very face of stress itself. Hoff explains these so called creatures like a shadow. Shadows are always rushing along. They are also always trying to lose their shadows. They try to run from them not realizing that they cannot, that they are one and the same. Hoff argues that by just sitting down and enjoying a nice sunny day, like Pooh would do, you can complicate things. You do not get the full fulfillment of your life. There is the argument that this is just using examples to match the conclusions that we have already come to. I believe however, that one cannot free himself of the weight of our foolish ways until we have exposed that fallacy and this is a vehicle to do that without feeling condescended by an authority figure that many associate with other comparative theories. Case and point Hoffs adaption of Winnie the Pooh to Taoist philosophy is brilliant and yet never strays from its humility. Through this I can now see how the field of psychology, is a chaotic discipline much more suited to the Taoist approach of going with the flow-the Wu wei, then against it. In Hoffs description of A A Milnes characters I was able to see myself trying to be like the Owl, while actually being a combination of the Rabbit and the pessimistic Eeyor e. Hoff has shown me how the ideal is to be a simple character such as Pooh himself, accepting life, work, and other people as they are rather than trying to impose order on them. I now seek to accept and move with events as they occur, preferring not to try to impose change nor viewing changes it as an obstacle to be overcome. It all comes down to acceptance and will. When you yield to the flow you find that it goes along with the grain of your life instead of against it. This approach spills over into every aspect of life, keeping them simple, letting nature direct the flow as it were.
Friday, October 25, 2019
Symbolism In The Pearl Essays -- Steinbeck Pearl Essays
Symbolism in The Pearl by John Steinbeck      Novels were created to show a very naive view in great depth. The Pearl is a novel in its most complete form. Steinbeck does this by conveying life symbolically. Through symbols, John offers the reader a clearer look at life and it?s content. He shows major imagery in four ways: Kino, music, Coyotito, and the 'Pearl of the World'.      Kino overall symbolizes clearly good and innocent. Kino is thought of as 'a wise, primitive man' who is hungry for fortune because of the great pearl, which he discovers and later in the story he becomes 'an angry, frightened, but resolute man, determined to keep what he has earned'. He is a young diver who lives in a small village on the coastline of Mexico. In the beginning of the story he has come to o...
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock Essay
There are several aspects to Alexander Pope’s poem, The Rape of the Lock which cement it as a unique and important work. Not only do Pope’s use of imagery and other literary tools create a landscape of the world which is represented here, but Pope also creates the feeling of total emersion into the story for the reader.            There are also many individual issues, within the work itself, which utilize their social standing to create emotion for the reader, such as the consumption of drugs throughout The Rape of the Lock. This creates an emotional bond with between the reader and the character within the poem by forcing the reader to make judgments on the characters. This judgment, then, becomes part of the reader’s vision of the world Pope created within the poem.            While the poem itself was called to be written by Pope’s close friend, to end the feud between two families, what Pope succeeds in creating was an epic of lust, debauchery and social posturing. This tale, spun by Alexander Pope, seems just as much a condemnation of the social stratification of his era, as it is a plea for well-born families to put aside their petty squabbles. The events leading up to the writing of the poem, as explained by Pope were:            The stealing of Miss Belle Fermor’s hair, was taken too seriously, and caused an             estrangement between the two families, though they had lived so long in great friendship      before. A common acquaintance and well    wisher to both desired me to write a poem to              make a jest of it, and laugh them together again. It was with   this view that I wrote the Rape of the Lock. (Pope) This partly explains the use of the term â€Å"Rape†in the title. The use of such a strong word to describe such an inane event illustrates Alexander Pope’s fondness of parody – as well as his ability to illustrate the strange and often humorous idiosyncrasies of the wealthy elite.            As Pope begins his five act poem, his first line both questions and accuses the parties involved in the rivalry by asking what â€Å"trivial things†could have been seen as such a â€Å"dire Offence†. The assault which is spoken of by Pope in this first canto is described as being committed by a â€Å"well-bred Lord†upon a â€Å"gentle Belle†. This assault is also questioned, in that Pope asked how a â€Å"Belle†could refuse the advances of such a well-born man. It is the assumption, from this early exchange, that it was socially expected that these two individuals, most certainly due to their social standing, would have no choice but to form a physical union – completely ignoring any personal choice in the matter.            Throughout the first canto, there are several examples of instances where Pope created a strange sense of reality through his use of word choice and order. Calling to attention the vision of a â€Å"birth-night beau†, a very festive and happy image, Pope juxtaposes the idea of non-consensual relations and enters into a dream-state. The allusions that Pope creates here are a very white and pure scene. The use of imagery such as the slippers, â€Å"silver sound†, and Belinda laying her head against her â€Å"downy pillow†creates a setting of safety and warmth.            In line twenty four of the first canto, the poem begins to take on a decidedly fantastic feel. This is used to create the sense that Belinda is truly a slothful person. As she arises at noon, the reader is told that she returns to sleep – creating a sense of an unpressured and possibly spoiled girl with no responsibilities.            The dreams of Belinda are also illustrated here. Pope mentions several types of fantastic characters in this section which illustrate the unrealistic world Belinda inhabits. The angels and elves which Pope mentions number in the thousands – and through them, illustrate the mental age of Belinda – that of a child. These creatures also set up the meaning of the first canto, the warning of Belinda.            In the clear Mirror of thy ruling Star I saw, alas! some dread Event impend, E’re to the Main this Morning Sun descend. But Heav’n reveals not what, or how, or where: Warn’d by thy Sylph, oh Pious Maid beware! This to disclose is all thy Guardian can. Beware of all, but most beware of Man! (Pope 1.108-114) This warning shows the reader, in Pope’s mock-epic style, that some sort of tragedy is about to unfold for Belinda.            This fantastical illustration continues through the end of the first canto. Pope uses the personification of the items in Belinda’s room to create the creatures which she sees through her dreams. Line 135 is a perfect example of this as Pope writes: â€Å"The Tortoise here and Elephant unite, / Transform’d to Combs†. It is obvious to the reader that Pope is describing a tortoise shell and ivory comb. However, in the dream world of Belinda, this object is represented by its literal components before losing this personification and becoming a tool to create Belinda’s physical beauty.            The second canto is used to by Pope to illustrate the importance of hair to the physical beauty of Belinda. Her majestic persona is described by Pope in order to place a heavy weight on the locks of hair she will eventually lose to the impetuous Lord.            Pope exaggerates Belinda’s physical attractiveness and the attractiveness of her jewelry as well. Though she is surrounded by many well presented youths, all adorned in splendor, â€Å"ev’ry Eye was fix’d on her alone†(Pope 2.6) Her physical beauty, as Pope describes it, is accentuated by the cross around her neck – which was so spectacular that â€Å"Jews might kiss, and Infidels adore†. (2.8) The power of a piece of jewelry to overcome religious conviction is very unlikely, however, for Pope, this is a perfect way to illustrate the perceived power of high social standing of the wealthy elite. For the members of the elite families of England, the importance of visual presentation cannot be over-stated, not even when compared to religion. Though the symbol she wears is a Christian icon, its beauty – both from its construction and the fact that it is being worn by a young girl of such attractiveness as Belinda, it could seemingly convert Jews and heathens from their chosen dogmas.            It is also in canto two that the Baron, who will perpetrate the rape of the lock, is introduced. Lines twenty nine and thirty of the second canto reads: â€Å"Th’ Adventrous Baron the bright Locks admir’d, / He saw, he wish’d, and to the Prize aspir’d†. This introduction of the Lord creates an interesting situation for the reader. Despite the several dozen lines of text which describe the beauty of Belinda’s clothing, jewelry as well as her physical features, it is the locks of hair that hang against her neck which the Baron first sets eyes upon, and subsequently longs for.            The first feelings of the Baron are shown to be violent in nature.            Resolv’d to win, he meditates the way,                By Force to ravish, or by Fraud betray;                For when Success a Lover’s Toil attends,                Few ask, if Fraud or Force attain’d his Ends.                (2.31-34) This illustration of the man’s intent shows the reader that the Baron does not visualize the hair on Belinda as a part of Belinda – if he recognizes Belinda at all. The hair that hangs on her neck, however, is instantly revered as a stately prize.            It is also through this section that the locks of hair are given a sexual persona. At no time does the Baron speak, or think of Belinda as a source of joy, but rather her hair as an all encompassing quest. The immediacy of the Baron’s passion for the locks of Belinda’s hair illustrates a very important aspect of his personality – the trophy is more important than the conquest. It is the intent of the Baron to display the locks of hair, as one would display a commendation. The locks of would signify the physical conquest of the beauty of Belinda – whether or not that conquest ever actually occurred.            The signification given to the locks of hair on Belinda’s head is that of her chastity. By removing them, the Baron, in so much as it was seen in the times, had given Belinda the equivalent of a badge of promiscuity. The path through which the Baron achieves his goal, is illustrated through a card game. though this game is seemingly innocuous, it symbolizes to very distinct and overt actions – the first being war, with the direct imagery within the poem, and the other being sex, by the eventual winning of the locks of chastity by the Baron.            The victory of the card game enables the Baron to cut the locks of hair from Belinda’s head. This action, keeping with the tone of the title of the poem, is illustrated violently – though the reality of the action was certainly far less extraordinary.            The Peer now spreads the glitt’ring Forfex wide,                T’inclose the Lock; now joins it, to divide.                Ev’n then, before the fatal Engine clos’d,                A wretched Sylph too fondly interpos’d;                Fate urg’d the Sheers, and cut the Sylph in twain,                (But Airy Substance soon unites again)                The meeting Points that sacred Hair dissever                From the fair Head, for ever and for ever!                (3.147-154) The words used by Pope in this stanza are undoubtedly violent. Though the Baron is removing the hair with the pressured permission of Belinda, Pope chooses to paint this scene as though the Baron was attacking her, killing her, and/or ravaging her body. Pope also uses strange images to create the picture in the reader’s mind. Line 148 states that the scissors were closed around the hair, cutting it; however, the language chosen by Pope creates the image of both conjunction and disjunction.            This stanza is followed by:            Then flash’d the living Lightnings from her Eyes,                And Screams of Horror rend th’ affrighted Skies.                Not louder Shrieks to pitying Heav’n are cast,                When Husbands or when Lap-dogs breath their last,                Or when rich China Vessels, fal’n from high,                In glittring Dust and painted Fragments lie!                (3.155-160) This violence that is being spoken of here, as intended by Pope, creates the feeling of murder, and military conquest. The emotions that Pope takes advantage of here, are for the express purpose of illustrating the over-exaggerated weight placed in the locks of hair. This scene is intentionally written so violently, as to show the reader that the members of this social stratum have little understanding of the true importance of things – such as locks of hair.            Throughout canto four, Pope makes several allusions to the act of torture. It is the intent of these lines to show the reader that the taking of the locks of hair, for Belinda, however insignificant as they may truly be, was a painful and violating event. Meanwhile, the Baron, himself, calls into question the validity of the social significance of the hair: â€Å"While the Fops envy, and the Ladies stare! / Honour forbid! at whose unrival’d Shrine / Ease, Pleasure, Virtue, All, our Sex resign†. (4.104-107)            The remainder of the poem, for Pope, further illustrates the illogical amount of importance placed on the loss of Belinda’s hair. The insistence that â€Å"Fate and Jove†where in the audience of this event, illustrates for the reader that the society which Pope is lampooning here feels that the Christian God and the pagan gods would be affronted by witnessing such a horrible action. Pope also suggests that the loss of Belinda’s locks would be of such great importance to the surrounding women in her life that their own lives would come to a halt – â€Å"For who cam move when fair Belinda fails?†(5.4)            Pope offers no redemption for the couple, or the society they inhabit. By line ninety-four of the fifth canto, Belinda and the Baron engage in actual combat. Pope uses this fight to further illustrate the complexity of this society’s skewed priorities.             Now meet thy Fate, incens’d Belinda cry’d,                And drew a deadly Bodkin from her Side.                (The same, his ancient Personage to deck,                Her great great Grandsire wore about his Neck                In three Seal-Rings which after, melted down,                Form’d a vast Buckle for his Widow’s Gown:                Her infant Grandame’s Whistle next it grew,                The Bells she gingled, and the Whistle blew;                Then in a Bodkin grac’d her Mother’s Hairs,                Which long she wore, and now Belinda wears.)                (5.86-96) The fact that the petite and beautiful Belinda pulls a blade from her side, and attacks the Baron with it, is against the idea of the age – where men are the fighters and women are weak in and in need of protection.            This attack by the young maiden is followed by the powerful Baron’s begging for his life – â€Å"ah, let me survive†. (5.101) This, again, goes against the expectations of the reader, creating a setting of irrationality. These actions by Pope to create this skewed reality, are effective in forcing the reader to see the entire world of The Rape of the Lock as improbable.            Throughout the poem, Pope utilizes the tools of the ancient epic poems to create a sense of importance and truth to the work. Just as Homer had with his Iliad, Pope creates a tale of heroic and historical importance. However, this is simply a ploy to expose the utter lack of importance of the issue at hand. The entirety of the poem is an exaggeration of the expectations of the reader, and their knowledge of history and poetic license.            The complexity of Pope’s couplet rhyming as well as the loose iambic lines, suggest that the work is meant to be seen just as the historical epics had been. However, the use of exaggerated metaphors and unlikely situations confront that sense of importance – and overpower it. The voice that Pope uses throughout the poem allows the reader to feel at ease with the untrustworthiness of the narrator.            It was the intent of Alexander Pope to illustrate a situation in which a ludicrous amount of importance was placed on a fairly insignificant object – hair. Though the fact is never revealed within the poem, hair regrows naturally. This means that regardless of the taking of the hair by the Baron, given ample time, the hair would be replaced and the event completely forgotten. However, as with the strain between the two families for which Pope was inspired to write about, the event was seen as somewhat of a major catastrophe. WORKS CITED Pope, Alexander. The Rape of the Lock. University of Massachusetts. Date of access: April 27, 2007. URL: http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~sconstan/index.html
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Why Secondary Kids Act in a Laddish Behaviour
Context and concepts Paul Willis conducted a study called â€Å"Learning to labour†in 1977 in which he studied 12 working class students in their last 18 months at a school in the West-Midlands, the methods he used were observation and participant observation. The boys he studied were known as the â€Å"lads†. These boys knew what they needed to do in order to achieve and get qualifications but instead they chose to reject school and developed laddish behaviour, because they believed that education was unmasculine and uncool and that they would get a job even if they didn’t have any qualifications. They thought that manual labour was more worthy than work at a desk or an office. This is where my first concept â€Å"laddism†stems from. This is a male script of toughness which is characterised by negative feelings towards school. Willis found that there were two types of pupils in the class, the â€Å"earoles†who commit themselves to their education and the lads who took little notice of school rules, teachers and work, instead they thought school was all about having a â€Å"laff†. These are all coping strategies the boys had developed in order to cope and minimize the boredom of school and the future routine based jobs they would ultimately end up in. The boys thought that manual labour was more worthy than work at a desk or office. Mitsos and Brown also looked at why boys underachieve in education and thought it was mainly due to what teachers expected of them, which leads me to my second concept â€Å"teacher expectations†. They found that teachers tend to be less strict with boys, expecting low standards of work from them, leading them to underachieve as they failed to push them to achieve their full potential. This also means that the boys started to become overconfident and also started to overestimate their abilities to do something and so making themselves believe that they don’t need to work as hard in order to gain qualifications. Boys were also more likely to be sent out of the classroom or get expelled (80% are boys) from school than girls, which means they lose valuable school time. Another reason for their underachieve could be due to the decline in manual labour, which has resulted in them losing their motivation as they see little point ion education as it wont lead them to the type of job they seek. The lack of opportunities for these young men has given them a low self-esteem. It is these problems which have lead to an â€Å"identity crisis for menâ€Å". As there is a rise in the more â€Å"female†jobs and a decline in the more traditional â€Å"male†jobs, the future of some males look bleak as they lack a clear purpose. On the other hand according to Hargreaves et al the underachievement of boys in education may be due to the way the pupils are perceived by the teachers. Hargreaves at al analysed the processes that led to pupils being classified, and they put forward three stages which are: ? Speculation- this is where the teachers make presumptions about the type of pupils they are dealing with, this leads to the formation of a hypothesis. ? Elaboration- It is here that the established hypothesis is either gradually confirmed or rejected. ? Stabilisation- when this stage is reached the teacher will feel like that they are familiar with the type of pupil they are dealing with. It is this third stage of stabilisation, where the behaviour of the pupil is compared against the type of pupil they are thought to be. If some pupils are regarded as being badly behaved, then it will be hard for their good behaviour to be seen, which is the â€Å"labelling theory†. Nevertheless it is the predictions made by the teacher that has lead to the â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy†, where the pupils start to live up to the predictions that the teacher have made about them, which is my fourth concept. So if a teacher labels pupils as being bright and expects a higher standard of work from them then these pupils will start to believe they are indeed bright and as a result work hard and obtain good examination results. Thus the actions of pupils are partly a refection of what teacher expect from them. Sociologists Rosenthal and Jacobson decided to carry out an experiment which lasted over a year, which was designed to test the â€Å"labelling†and â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy†theories and how they affected educational achievement . They conducted their study in an elementary school were they selected 20% of the students, whom they expected to show rapid academic growth. In order to prove this they tested the IQ of the pupils before and one year after the experiment started and the selected pupils had gained IQ. Rosenthal and Jacobson explained that this was due to the teacher conveying the message that the selected sample had more potential than the rest. This led to the sample believing that they were capable of achieving highly and live up to the label they were given and subsequently led to the self-fulfilling prophecy. Main research methods and reasons The main method of research that would be most suited to my topic is non-participant observation in a classroom. Paul Willis also used non-participant observation when he was conducting his research in order to see boys behave in a â€Å"laddish†way. I will take up an iinterpretivist approach like Willis, where I will collect my qualitative data rather than quantitive data. This type of research method could help me explore the concepts of â€Å"teacher’s expectations†, as teachers can show different attitudes to the two opposite sexes which could lead to underachievement and form â€Å"laddish†behaviour. While observing I will be looking out for signs of â€Å"laddish†behaviour and levels of standards that are set by the teacher and if this affects the amount of work that is produced by the pupils. For example teachers tend to be less strict with boys and they tolerate low standards of work from them, which leads to them overestimating their abilities and they become overconfident and not work hard enough in order to achieve highly, which links to my second concept of â€Å"teacher’s expectations†Before I operationalise my research method I will need to design an observational framework that meets the needs of my research and that corresponds to my contextual studies. It will also help me to be consistent in what I observe. The things that I will need to look out for are: they way that the pupils are seated, the amount of times that the lesson has been stopped due to disturbance and if this was mostly from boys, and how the badly behaved pupils react to the good kids, do they bully them? Also I will be looking at the way that the boys contribute to the lessons, are they keen to learn? This will show that the boys are behaving in a â€Å"laddish†way, which operationalises my first concept. However before I officially observe the classes I will conduct a pilot study in which I will test the efficiency of my observational framework. In this research I will be observing four English classes all in year 11. all four classes will be observed in the second period of the morning through the week, as pupils tend to be more focused in the morning on a Monday compare to a morning on a Friday. Before I can observe a class I will need to gain permission from the subject teacher. Then I will enter the classroom before the pupils get there and sit somewhere unobtrusive where hopefully students will not pay too much attention to me, which would also improve my data. Whilst observing the class I might also come across situations where issues of confidentiality are raised. Potential problems Potential problems that could be met while conducting my research are that the behaviour of some pupils and teachers might change as the sense the presence of a stranger in the classroom. This could mean that I will not be obtaining accurate or valid data to show why boys are underachieving in education. The data obtained will be qualitative which means that I will not be able generalise the findings to the wider society, which means that my study will lack ecological validity. Another problem could be getting the permission to observe these classes, the teacher might not be comfortable with the fact that I will be observing their class while they are teaching and so refuse me access, leaving me with no data. Also there might be timetabling issues, which means that I may not be able to observe the class I intended to, because my timetable might not let me, as I can also have lessons at that particular period of the day. While observing the class I will record my findings on an observational framework and as I am doing this I might miss some crucial events that have taken place while I was recording my data. Due to this I might also end up being biased and focus only on certain events or even add my own interpretations to actions, which means that I will be selective as I am trying to prove a point. During the time I am in the classroom observing I may come across an event that has taken place in my presence which is serious and so automatically I am put in a position where I have to take a certain action which can be: do I report what has happened, or do I keep it to myself as the teacher has allowed into their classroom, do they expect me to be trustworthy? So issues of confidentiality may arise.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Free Essays on Internet Review
â€Å"Hands on learning†is the buzz word throughout school systems. The best way for students to learn is through doing. Subject content areas are filled with hands on learning ideas and activities. A student can learn and discover through experimentation. Most lesson plans available on the Internet are full of activities and learning styles that are facilitated by innovative instruction styles. â€Å"The value of peer interaction depends not only on children’s abilities to engage with one another, but also on the teacher’s ability to engage sometimes as a peer†(DeVries and Zan, pg. 56). Teachers are no longer dictators standing at the blackboard while students sit at their desks with their hands folded. Now students are teaching each other through cooperative learning groups. Students are working together to learn. Once in a Blue Moon is a science lesson plan for primary students to learn about features of the moon. The lesson plan introduces a literature tie-in which is an appropriate and engaging start for the lesson. Hands on learning is also included through watercolor paintings. Art is important for young students. Students enjoy the activity while improving their fine motor skills. The conclusion of the lesson is a class discussion focusing on facts about the moon. A class discussion can be highly effective when it is generated and facilitated correctly by the teacher and students. With primary students class discussions tend to be side tracked very easily. If a class discussion is facilitated properly it can stay on task and allow students to speak openly about the topic. Discussions are a terrific wrap up to any lesson. For grade levels 4, 5, and 6 students study the moon through an experiment offered in the lesson plan Phases of the Moon. The lesson plan is not heavily detailed. It relies on the book The Moon Seems to Change by Franklyn M. Branley to explain the experiment. The overview of the lesson describes the l... Free Essays on Internet Review Free Essays on Internet Review â€Å"Hands on learning†is the buzz word throughout school systems. The best way for students to learn is through doing. Subject content areas are filled with hands on learning ideas and activities. A student can learn and discover through experimentation. Most lesson plans available on the Internet are full of activities and learning styles that are facilitated by innovative instruction styles. â€Å"The value of peer interaction depends not only on children’s abilities to engage with one another, but also on the teacher’s ability to engage sometimes as a peer†(DeVries and Zan, pg. 56). Teachers are no longer dictators standing at the blackboard while students sit at their desks with their hands folded. Now students are teaching each other through cooperative learning groups. Students are working together to learn. Once in a Blue Moon is a science lesson plan for primary students to learn about features of the moon. The lesson plan introduces a literature tie-in which is an appropriate and engaging start for the lesson. Hands on learning is also included through watercolor paintings. Art is important for young students. Students enjoy the activity while improving their fine motor skills. The conclusion of the lesson is a class discussion focusing on facts about the moon. A class discussion can be highly effective when it is generated and facilitated correctly by the teacher and students. With primary students class discussions tend to be side tracked very easily. If a class discussion is facilitated properly it can stay on task and allow students to speak openly about the topic. Discussions are a terrific wrap up to any lesson. For grade levels 4, 5, and 6 students study the moon through an experiment offered in the lesson plan Phases of the Moon. The lesson plan is not heavily detailed. It relies on the book The Moon Seems to Change by Franklyn M. Branley to explain the experiment. The overview of the lesson describes the l...
Monday, October 21, 2019
Report on 2g Spectrum Essays
Report on 2g Spectrum Essays Report on 2g Spectrum Essay Report on 2g Spectrum Essay This is the biggest scam till now in India. The Supreme Court said that this 2G Scam is the mother of all the Scams. The 2G spectrum scam involved officials in the government of India illegally undercharging mobile telephony companies for frequency allocation licenses, which they would use to create 2G subscriptions for cell phones. The shortfall between the money collected and the money which the law mandated to be collected is 1,76,379crore rupees or USD 39 billion. The issuing of licenses occurred in 2008, but the scam came to public notice when the Indian Income Tax Department was investigating political lobbyist NiraRadia. The governments investigation and the governments reactions to the findings in the investigation were the subject of debate, as were the nature of the Indian medias reactions. The discussion around the reactions to the 2G spectrum scam became known in the media as the NiraRadia tapes controversy. A Raja ,the Ex-Minister of Communications andInformation Technology , is an Indian politician from the DMK, who sold the licences and played a key role in 2G Scam and also who knows full details regarding 2G Scam. Generally , Tele Communication companies have to take licence from Government by paying large amounts for their operations and also Government have many rules to give permission for new companies in Tele Communication. So,due to Raja , many companies got the licences very cheaply and also many new companies started their services with out eligibilitycriteria,which is illegal. Following is the information given by Comptroller and Auditor General(CAG): * On nov 11th,The Comptroller and Auditor General(CAG) announced that revenue loss for India due to Raja at Rs. . 8L Cr. CAG indicts Raja: * CAG says Raja caused Rs. 177,000crore loss to India. * Licences issued in 2008,pegged at 2001 prices. * Raja’s ministry sold spectrum to 9 companies in 2008 using faulty amp; outdated policy,causing Rs. 140,000 crore loss. * Doled out additional airwaves to existing telecos beyond what they were entitled to,causing an additional loss of nearly Rs. 37,000 crore to exchequer. * Raja gave dual l icence permits to RCOM amp; Tata tele in 2008 using old policy , causing a loss of up to Rs. 37,000 cr. Raja ignored advice of Telecom RegulatoryTRAI , Finance Ministry amp; Law Ministry on pricing airwaves at realistic amp; market-driven rates. * He ignored Prime Minister’s advice also to favouring some corporates,Raja flouted all norms. * Raja dished out pan-India airwaves for Rs. 1651 Crore despiteS tel offering Rs. 13,752croreamp; even willing to inhance this offer if the government were to receive a higher bid. * Six of the nine companies that were given licences did not fulfill the eligibility criteria , but communications ministry (Raja)did not reject their applications. The Six companies are: 1. Etisalat 2. Datacom(Videocon) 3. Unitech(which coded majority control to Norway Telenor) 4. AllianzInfratech 5. Loop Mobile 6. S Tel Criteria for working out potential loss Rates offered On the basis of Categoryby S Tel 3G auction New Licences Rs. 657525cr Rs. 102497cr Dual Technology Rs. 24591cr Rs. 37153cr Beyond contracted Quantity of 6. 2MHZ Rs. 36729cr Total Rs. 0316cr Rs. 176379cr WEB Of Allegations: * CAG says telecom ministry had flouted every canon of financial propriety,rules and procedures. * Raja issued licences to ineligible applicants:85 of 122 licences issued in 2008 were illegal as these cos had disclosed incomplete information , submitted fictitious documents and used fraudulent means to get permits. * Allianz Infratech ,Datacom(Videocon), Unitech(Telenor), S Tel, Loop Mobile and Etisalat were not eligible for mobile prmits. * Swan Telecom appeared to act as a ‘front company’ on behalf of Anil Ambhani-led Reliance Telecom. Profit list for spectrum changed in Punjab amp; Maharashtra to favour Swan. * Telecom ministry gave undue benefits to RC OM amp; Swan. Spectrum of Controversies: Spectrum Scam: * Amount paid by new Telecos for a pan-India licence in 2008: Rs. 1,651crore. * Estimated loss to exchequer on selling licences cheap:Rs. 140,000crore. Easy Money: * Swan Telecom taken the licence for Rs. 1537 crore and sold 45% stake to UAE’s Etisalat for $900m(Rs. 4200 cr). * Unitech taken licence for Rs. 1661 crore and sold 60. 00% to Norway’s Telenor for $1. 1 billion(Rs. 6200 cr). S Tel sold 49% to Bahrain’s Batelco for about $225m. * On nov 14th Raja quit as congress refuses to relent and KapilSibal taken the charge. Actions Taken By The Government To Prevent The 2G Scam: * Enforcement Directorate(ED) has writeen to countries from where money was received by Indian firms for details on investors amp; source of funds. * It is also examing role of prominent corporate lobbyist who is alleged to have player a role in influencing the way the permits were awarded to new companies. * Opposition (BJP)to press for Joint Parliamentary Committee probe. Janata Party President SubramaniamSwamy filed a complaint in Supreme Court on Raja. So, the issue is in SC. * The Telecom Regulatory has asked the Government to cancel 62 of the 122 licences issued by former Telecom Minister A Raja. * The CAG in its report said 85 of 122 licences given to six companies , notably Uninor,Videocon,LoopMobile,STel,Etisalat and AllinzInfratech were illegal as these firms were not eligible to obtain them. * ED quizzes NiiraRadia,who is a lobbyist amp; owner of Vaishnavi Corporate Communications that handles PR for of all Tata companies for role in 2G Scam for 7hours. Supreme Court given the case to CBI for investigation. * CBI raids Raja across the Spectrum. * CBI searches Raja houses in Delhi,Chennai. * SC questions Rs. 10,000cr loa ns to new licences. * Court asked CBI to examine the feasibility of probing the allocation of radio spectrum since 2001,when BJP-Led NDA Government was in power. * Judges appealed to be critical of a decision by SBI to lend Rs. 2500 cr to Uninor. * CBI told to court that they will complete the investigation in 3 months,later they told they need 6 months time. Some Of The Other Actions To Prevent 2G Scam: * The proceedings of the parliamentary committees should be made available to the media and public,so that people can understand the issue clearly. * The Government must take the serious and severe decisions especially in these type of scams,so that no one tries to cheat. * Government has to prove itself by arresting the illegal persons,whether they are anybody. * Both media and the general public must create an awareness that the government is a trustee of public money and assets and the people are the real owners. Media has played an important role in curving a public opinion . So,alert citizen and conscientious media. * Creating fast track prosecution. Finally†¦. Main issues in 2G Spectrum Scam: * 2G licences at throwaway prices * Rules bent,no procedures followed. Cut-off date advanced * No auction,no bids. First-come-first-served. * Swan Telecom licence:Rs. 1537 crore Sold 45% stake:Rs. 4200crore * Mobile subscriber base: 2001:4 million 2008:350 million * Unitech Wireless licence:Rs. 1661 crore Sold 60% stake:Rs. 6200crore * Revenue Loss:1. 8L Crore Licences issued in 2008,pegged at 2001 prices. * Law Ministry,FinanceMinistry,TRAI and PM’s advice ignored. * Government Revenue: 2G:Rs. 10772crore 3G:RS. 1 Lakh crore Souces: Economic Times Ndtv. com Wikipedia. com Rediff. com Report on 2G Spectrum Scam Submitted by: Dileep Madhur
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Free Online TOEFL Study Guides
Free Online TOEFL Study Guides Taking the TOEFL is a necessary step for any student not educated in the United States who wishes to study at a North American university. It is also increasingly required from other educational institutions throughout the world as well as a desired or mandatory job qualification. While it is true that the TOEFL is an extremely difficult test there are a number of resources to help students prepare for the test. Luckily the Internet has an ever-expanding treasure trove of study materials. Most of these areas require registration and payment however a number of the sites do offer some free services. If you are interested in taking the TOEFL it will probably be necessary to purchase some of these services. This guide shows you a number of the free services available on the Internet. By using this feature you can get an excellent head-start on your studies without paying a dime. What Is the TOEFL? Before beginning to study for the TOEFL it is a good idea to understand the philosophy and purpose behind this standardized test. Here is an excellent detailed description of the Internet-based test. What Can I Expect From TOEFL? There are a number of resources available to help you discover exactly what grammar listening and reading skills will be expected on the TOEFL. One of the most thorough of these resources is Testwise.Com which explains each type of question in terms of the grammar or skill required to answer that type of question successfully. Now that you have a good idea of what the test is, what is to be expected, AND what strategies are needed you can begin to practice taking various sections of the test. To help you do just that (for FREE) follow the following links to these practice tests and exercises: TOEFL Grammar / StructurePractice TOEFL tests grammar through whats known as the structure sentence. This section includes multiple choice questions which test your understanding of how to put together a sentence. TOEFL Grammar Practice 1 TOEFL Grammar Practice 2 Exam English Structure Tests Structure Practice Tests from TestMagic Five Sets of Practice Questions for Section II at Free ESL.com by Chris Yukna Practice Section II TOEFL Vocabulary Practice The vocabulary section focuses on understanding synonyms and antonyms, as well as the ability to use a word in the right context. TOEFL Vocabulary Practice 400 Must Have Words for TOEFL TOEFL Reading Practice The reading section asks you to read fairly long sections of text that might be found in a textbook or scholarly article. Comprehension of the relationships between ideas and sequencing events is key in this section. Reading practice tests from TestMagic by Chris Yukna Practice Section II: Boston Practice: Fuels TOEFL based on an article in Wired Magazine by Chris Yukna. TOEFL Listening Practice TOEFL listening selections are often based on lectures in a university setting. As in reading, its important to practice listening long selections (3 - 5) minutes of university lectures or similar listening setting. Exam English Listening Practice Tests How Do I Approach the TOEFL? One of the most important skills to acquire before taking the test is not a language skill. It is TOEFL test taking strategy. To get up to speed on test taking, this guide to taking tests can help you understand general test taking preparation. The TOEFL, like all standardized American tests, has a very particular structure and typical traps for you to fall into. By understanding these traps and structures you can go a long way to improving your score. The writing section of the TOEFL requires that you write an essay based on a set topic. Testmagic.com has a wonderful selection of sample essays discussing common mistakes and giving examples of essays with various scores to show you the range expected on the essay. Practicing the TOEFL Obviously, you will need to do a lot more studying (and probably invest a good bit of money) to do well on the TOEFL. But hopefully, this guide to free TOEFL resources will help you begin to understand what to expect when taking the TOEFL.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Interview witih a Business Owner Research Paper
Interview witih a Business Owner - Research Paper Example The concentration is therefore on delivering an advertising message which is comprehensive, complete and covered from all angles. Jack decided to pursue this business because he did his Masters in Advertising from one of the most well-known universities in America. His interest in advertising is one of the reasons why he wanted to make it a career for himself, and thus the fact that he now owns this advertising agency. He did his internship at JWT which is again one of the more renowned advertising agencies in the world, and at Ogilvy, which has a name for its own self in the advertising ranks nonetheless. These are some of the most basic reasons why he is into advertising and the manner in which he brings a comfort level to it goes to show that he will continue to remain an entrepreneur even in the times to come. The business form of this advertising agency is in the form of an individually-owned company where Jack holds all the shares of the agency. He is the sole person who is responsible for all the actions, financial issues and strategic moves of the advertising agency and everyone reports directly to him. He is not answerable to anyone which is indeed a definite positive on his part. The other advantages include the fact that he has the maximum profits and can take home whatever he wants because it is his business at the end of the day. The disadvantages include the manner in which he has to make-do with employee morale, losses in income, clients moving out and so on. Therefore the advantages and disadvantages stand head to head with one another when one understands the due role of ownership by Jack in comparison with other business forms. The challenges and rewards of business ownership when understood from Jack’s angle are varied. This is because he has to set the basis of comprehending where he is having a tough time and what kind
Friday, October 18, 2019
Assignment about ethics 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
About ethics 5 - Assignment Example The bank was unable to garner sufficient funds from its retail arm through deposits to show sufficient growth on the balance sheet. As a result, the Northern Rock started depending on easily available short-term wholesale market funds to boost its growth. Northern Rock started issuing and selling notes that offered the buyer the right on the capital of the loan portfolio. New loans were bundled and the prevalent accounts were sold through asset-supported securities (Liikanen, 2012). Nothing happened all of a sudden, as by 1995 the worth of capital with the bank had begun deteriorating sharply. In 2005, debt of lower value released in 2001 was equalled to equity. It reduced the margins over the debt value greatly. The bank was not getting better margins from traditional market but it could not control the tightly defined leverage from bursting to a factor of 90 and more (Liikanen, 2012). The Northern Rock announced insolvency on September 13, 2007, asking help from the Bank of England (BoE). Immediate effect of this declaration happened on the bank retail segment customers who had deposited money in various personal accounts. These account holders had lost faith in the capability of the bank to pay back their deposits and the very next day there were long lines of customers in all branches of the Northern Rock to withdraw their funds from the bank. ... Bankruptcy of Northern Rock was due to stepping back from their credit lines by the institutional short-term investors of the Northern Rock. Before the announcement of insolvency, withdrawing back of the short-term institutional investors was a grave issue for the bank before 14 September. The real set back to the bank was faced in the wholesale market when the news broke out that the Northern Rock was arranging money largely from the short-term wholesale funding, which it settled at the time of credit maturity (Liikanen, 2012). Inter-banking problem of Northern Rock and other financial organizations largely stemmed from the deficiency of trust among banks and the inter-banking market. Generally, inter-banking market is always brimming with funds across the world but liquidity just vanished from the market. Retail depositors’ rushing to the bank branches for withdrawing money happened at a time when crisis at the Northern Rock had occurred. Amazing thing was that during the di fficult time of cash shortage crisis, the retail segment of the bank business was shown as the major revenue stream of the Northern Rock. In the end with the huge downward plunge in the share price of Northern Rock from ?12.50 in January 2007 to below ?1 at close of the year 2007, the bank was taken over on 17 February 2008 (Liikanen, 2012). The crisis of the Northern Rock was managed with the financial aid given to it by the Bank of England. After nationalization, all its debts and losses were borne by the government. Certain clarity emerges behind the cause of crisis or failure of the Northern Rock, which is significant to mention to remove ambiguity over its failure. The Northern Rock banking business model failed not because of its borrowers, nor a long line of customers waiting
Barge Haulers on the Volga Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Barge Haulers on the Volga - Assignment Example This is because they are hauling the large boat upstream against the water currents and the sun is overhead. The figures of the men are positioned at the centre of the painting. At the background of the painting there are clouds seen from a distance and on the ground, there is water seen in the background where the men have pulled the boat from. Their landscape is also shown from a distance. The source of light is on top of the men as this is shown in their short shadows (Bolton, 2010). The shadows of the men are almost beneath them showing that the source of light was on top of them. The landscape in the background helps to prove and show the direction of the river and its currents. It clearly shows that the men are pushing the bought upstream. The tonal range of the painting is medium as their colours used are not so striking. The artwork has a blue tonal range because of the water and there is also some yellow standing out depicting the source of light. In the art, I see the eleven dressed in rags and they are also bound with leather harnesses. The painting brings out both the appreciation and celebration of men’s fortitude and dignity and at the same time, it highly condemns the people who sanctioned the inhumane activity. As much as the painting shows them to be accepting the men are defeated. Their faces and posture in the painting show physical discomfort. In the painting I only see one person coming out strongly. It is the youth who is brightly coloured and he seems to fight against the binds of leather and he appears to take a heroic poise (Cohen, 2008). He has raised his head to stare into the distance. This shows he has hope that there is redemption coming. The inverted Russian flag clearly shows that whatever is happening is not right or allowed. There is movement in the artwork and this is showed by the currents of water. The men also seem to be in motion hauling the boat. The artist has made the two-dimensional wor k to look as if in the third dimension by use of shades of colour.Â
Summary paper over Careers in Psychology Article
Summary paper over Careers in Psychology - Article Example Moreover, psychologists can also render valuable services in administrative and managerial departments. Like departments and professions, the work places of the psychologists also vary according to their proficiency. The most common places for the psychologists include schools, colleges, universities, hospitals, health centres, clinics and police stations. The degree of psychology offers the graduates and most graduates very lucrative, handsome and attractive remunerations and salaries, which is more than sufficient to lead a very respectable life in society. Psychologists are properly educated and trained in their respective fields in order to obtain the proper benefit of their skill and knowledge. The writer cites the Labour Department of the USA, according to which the psychologists climb the career growth ladder much faster than other professionals, because they are given significant motivation and salary revision so that they can work more diligently while paying their services to the individuals and institutions. Though, the status of the psychology undergraduates is far lower than that of postgraduates and doctorates, yet the undergraduates can also find their career in some comparatively trivial departments. On the contrary, the individuals having psychology degree at graduate level or above can seek wide variety and divergent range of career opportunities. There are numerous specialty areas in psychology, offering a wide range of career options. Some fields concentrate on research, while others focus on practical applications of psychological principles. Specific specialty areas in psychology include clinical psychology, educational psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, and social psychology. You can learn more in this article: Specialty Areas in Psychology What do Psychologists Do?: Psychologists work in a wide range of professional areas. Mental health, academics,
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Total Quality Management - Essay Example This paper will show some of the main key points as derived from some of the chapters. Total Quality Management (TQM) is an extensive and organized methodology to authoritative administration that looks to enhance the nature of items and administrations through continuous refinements because of consistent reaction. Quality as an absolute means that in everything that we do we must put quality in it o achieve maximum results. When Dr. Edward came up with the concept it was in the aim of improving educational standards. According to Salis (2002), the word quality has lots of conflicting and unclear meanings. This has been occasioned because the word quality can be used as both an absolute and as a relative concept. In conversations quality is used as an absolute and is referred to as part of nature. Absolute quality can not be compromised or traded for something else. Quality is a concept with class and it’s not available to every one but everyone wants it. In technical scene, quality is largely a relative concept. In this sense its definition changes to an attribute of a product or a service. We often say the quality of an easy varies from good to excellent. There is a philosophy that a quality product depicts the ideology of equality, in the sense that you get what you pay for. In education is hard to say who will determine the quality of education. This brings in the role of the consumer in quality. The consumer of the product can answer the question of quality. Education wise, the consumer will gauge the quality of education by the exams that they partake and pass. It is up to the consumer and collage to come up with management policies that will ensure quality in the products they are supplying in the class. Applying the TQM in the collage can improve the quality of education in a great way. SWOT analysis is an integral routine toll for calculated development in education and still is the number one means of
History Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5
History Discussion - Research Paper Example Rule by a central government is seen to be effective as it will give the nation great power in making crucial decision such as going to war or how government finances should be distributed. This is seen due to the fact that there are less bureaucratic processes in dealing with when dealing with a centralized government than when dealing with a devolved government. Ratification of this constitution across all states is seen to be important as this will greatly increase the geographical size of the nation and also encourage the joining of new states. Having a large nation in terms of geographical size is seen to be important as these increases the quantity resources available in the country (Maier.1998). This will also increase the variety of resources which are available in the country as a resource not found in a particular state can be found in another. The availability of a wide range of resources is bound to affect the economic growth of the nation positively in that this will enable the production of a wide range of goods. This will lead to the steady rise in the economy of the country with the nation likely to be able to produce all goods needed by its citizens. Moreover, the ability to produce excess goods will be important as this will encourage trade with other countries thus resulting in further economic growth within the nation. The ratification of this constitution will thus spur fast economic growth across the country. Ratification of the constitution will also be helpful in ensuring the equal growth of all areas across the nation will give the central government an opportunity to be able to help out the states which cannot grow fast enough due to lack of resources. The ratification of this constitution is thus bound to increase national loyalty and change the way Americans think of each other. This will encourage citizens to view each other as brothers’ thus encouraging people to look for opportunities beyond
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Total Quality Management - Essay Example This paper will show some of the main key points as derived from some of the chapters. Total Quality Management (TQM) is an extensive and organized methodology to authoritative administration that looks to enhance the nature of items and administrations through continuous refinements because of consistent reaction. Quality as an absolute means that in everything that we do we must put quality in it o achieve maximum results. When Dr. Edward came up with the concept it was in the aim of improving educational standards. According to Salis (2002), the word quality has lots of conflicting and unclear meanings. This has been occasioned because the word quality can be used as both an absolute and as a relative concept. In conversations quality is used as an absolute and is referred to as part of nature. Absolute quality can not be compromised or traded for something else. Quality is a concept with class and it’s not available to every one but everyone wants it. In technical scene, quality is largely a relative concept. In this sense its definition changes to an attribute of a product or a service. We often say the quality of an easy varies from good to excellent. There is a philosophy that a quality product depicts the ideology of equality, in the sense that you get what you pay for. In education is hard to say who will determine the quality of education. This brings in the role of the consumer in quality. The consumer of the product can answer the question of quality. Education wise, the consumer will gauge the quality of education by the exams that they partake and pass. It is up to the consumer and collage to come up with management policies that will ensure quality in the products they are supplying in the class. Applying the TQM in the collage can improve the quality of education in a great way. SWOT analysis is an integral routine toll for calculated development in education and still is the number one means of
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Ethics of social media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Ethics of social media - Essay Example However, such responses from the veterans are subjected to continue rejections and challenges with time as the technology of the social networking is changing and facing new horizons. The main aspect of the use of this technology can be seen by the transformation of the communication process, but the social bonding is virtually ethical or not needs a constant reply. The bonding is in terms of friends, parents’ children bonding, and employer link to employee, coworker to other coworker, student and teacher, neighbors, buyer and sellers, doctor connections with patients and many others. The ethical conclusions on such networking technologies are not based on personal grounds. The interacting web service is complex in nature with connection to the online and offline world, the different motives of the developers and corporations comes out to be disputable and therefore, it is in the basic need of some strict philosophical and ethical balances for the future years of the networkin g world. Definition and history of social networking services: The phrase â€Å"social networking†has diverse meaning and concepts with no clear definition. As humans on earth are in constant reach of social networking by one way or the other since the time of the birth (Boyd 16). History has showed that humans developed several ways to came in contact with one another and in social interaction by many means and ways, thus, making the particular institutions and affiliated places like private or public clubs, lodge and church. Moreover, humans developed and invented tools for communication like telegram, telephone, postal services and others. So, when philosophers maintain the ethical balance for the social networking communication, they are of the means that what would be the ethical influence of the ambiguous social networking service, which is formed from the web 2.0 software standards. The same was evolved first in the beginning of the twenty first century. Before the ap pearance of web 2.0 standards, the internet based social networking was there for the last many years through computer operations. The first official networking was done through computer in 1970 in the U.S by the military ARPANET and after that it began to expand in order to provide facility to many newsgroups based on the internet use, mailing electronically, bulletin board system, multi user dungeons and other rooms dedicated for the chat purpose that were based on topics and social identities. The initial form of social networking communication evolves organically for the purpose of discovering medium for institutional, academic and commercial ranges. Therefore, web 2.0 standard were introduced in order to provide the users with collective, user formatted and sharing of internet based content and during this, the major purpose of the web 2.0 developers was commercialized and institutional based. They knew the potential of the internet based subsystem and worked to improved it fur ther. Particularly, the web 2.0 gave the platform to the users to make their online and offline presence- a latest practice that moved the internet communication from its general form that was based on anonymous discussions without concealing the true identities. The latest standard of interaction through internet was initiated by orkut, MySpace, LinkedIn, Friendster, habbo, bebo and facebook by revealing true identities. The next standard was based on sharing of intern
Monday, October 14, 2019
Neuroticism as a Predictor for Smoking
Neuroticism as a Predictor for Smoking Abstract To modern people, stress is a common obstacle that they face every day. Neurotic symptoms and smoking, which are the two typical symptoms of stress, might have a significant connection (Eysenck, 1965). In this research, we examined whether one’s neuroticism scale has significant relationship with one’s smoking behaviour. Furthermore, gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale have been analysed. A random sample of 64 female and male participants (Mage = 22.36 years) living in Selly Oak, Birmingham took part in this research. Statistical analyses from completed questionnaires demonstrated the relationship to be non-significant in neuroticism and smoking and gender differences in both smoking and neuroticism. To future research, neuroticism, a categorization of smokers by related features, might enable attempts at smoking cessation. Neuroticism as a Predictor of Cigarette Smoking and Individual differences in Smoking: Gender To modern eyes, it may seem that their daily life is a fight against stress. Stress from work, school, relationship to social life, has been causing great influence on health of modern people negatively. Symptoms of stress not only include physical symptoms such as fatigue or insomnia, but also emotional and behavioural symptoms. Nervousness, a neurotic symptom, and smoking are the typical examples. Although stress is the main cause of all the diseases, symptoms themselves, neurotic symptoms and smoking, may have a significant association (Eysenck, 1965). By this time, numerous studies have been published related to this hypothesis with various results. Some studies examined that there was no evidence that the neurotic grade was related to the amount smoked (Waters, 1971), however, others stated that smoking behaviours are correlated with state anxiety and neuroticism (Herrà ¡n, 2000). In this paper, to replicate Water’s (1971) study towards smoking and neuroticism, we collected results which included standard questions on smoking behaviours, and also questions about their personality trait based on Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) from random female and male samples. Furthermore, gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale have been analysed. Method Sample Description A random sample of 64 female and male participants (age range from 18 to 52, Mage = 22.36 years) living in Selly Oak, Birmingham took part in this research. Completed questionnaire included questions on their current smoking habits, personality traits, and gender; age for demographic. Assessment Smoking Habits In smoking habits questionnaire, after the instruction, specifying age and gender was followed by three options in current smoking behaviour. The three options were – A) I have smoked a Cigarette within the past week, B) I previously smoked cigarette, but not within the past 6 months, and C) I have never smoked a Cigarette. Personality Factor: Neuroticism Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) was used in this study to assess the personality traits of the participant, with the result referred to as the Eysenck’s Personality Inventory (EPI) (1968). Statistical Analyses All analyses were performed using a Pearson Chi-square in order to identify whether there is an association between two categorical variables in each hypothesis. Results As their questionnaire results, participants were divided into three groups in their smoking status, two groups in gender, and three groups in neuroticism. First, participants who chose ‘Never smoked’ (n =27, 42.2%) option, had not smoked for their entire lifetime, participants who chose ‘Previously smoked’ (n=15, 23.4%) had not smoked within the past 6 months, and lastly participants who chose ‘Current smoking’ (n=22, 34.4%) were those who had smoked within the past week. Next, 34 female (Mage = 21 years) and 30 male (Mage = 23 years) participants were in each gender group. Third, in EPQ, we only coded twelve questions (number 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46 in Eysenck (1975)) which refer to neuroticism/stability scale out of total 48 yes/no questions. The neurotic grade (0 to 12) given in this paper is the sum of the affirmative replies to these questions. Three divided groups calculated by neurotic grades were ‘Low (0-4)’ (n=15, 23.4%), ‘Medium (5-8)’ (n=27, 42.2%), and ‘High (9-12)’ (n=22, 34.4%). Table 1. Smoking habits and neuroticism scale Neuroticism Scale n Smoking Status: % of n Never Previous Current Low (0-4) 15 37.0 26.7 4.5 Medium (5-8) 27 33.3 53.3 45.5 High (9-12) 22 29.6 20.0 50.0 Total 64 42.2 23.4 34.4 Ç ² = .9188 (df =4), p = .057 Neuroticism as a Predictor of Cigarette Smoking Results of cigarette smoking behaviour, with neuroticism as the independent variable and the indicator variable (smoking habits) as dependent variable revealed that neuroticism was not significantly associated with whether the participants are never, previous, or current smoker as shown in Table 1. To be specific, according to Table 1, 37 % within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, never smoker, of the participants showed ‘Low’ in neuroticism scale, whereas 53.3 % within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, previous smoker, of the participants showed ‘Medium’ in neuroticism scale which had a slight difference towards the percentage within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, current smoker, of the participants showed ‘High’(50 %), which if the former had a smaller percentage than the latter, smoking would have a direct proportional to neuroticism scale. Moreover, the results of the chi-square also showed no significant association between neuroticism scale and current smoking status (Ç ² (4) = .9188, p = .057). Individual differences in Smoking: Gender Among the participants, more women were never smokers (15.6% men versus 26.6% women), whereas more men were current smokers (21.9% men versus 12.5% women). Gender differences among the previous smokers were small compared to other two groups (9.4% men versus 14.1% women). The differences were insignificant, showing that the association between gender and smoking habits is statistically non-significant (Ç ² (2) = 3.816, p = .148) Gender differences in Neuroticism Although, more women scored ‘High’ on neuroticism scale than men (41.2% women versus 26.7% men; percentage within Gender), more men scored ‘Low’ and ‘Medium’ on neuroticism scale than women (26.7% men versus 20.6% women and 46.7% men versus 38.2% women; percentage within Gender). Neuroticism analysis by gender showed the relationship to be insignificant (Ç ² (2) = 1.496, p = .473). Discussion In the current research, statistical analyses from completed questionnaires demonstrated the relationship to be non-significant in neuroticism and smoking and gender differences in both smoking and neuroticism. The present finding, that there is an insignificant correlation between the neurotic grade and one’s smoking behaviour, is in the same line with the conclusions of Water (1971), however, is in strife with the conclusions of Eastwood and Trevelyan (1971). Our results may have been affected by our lack of participants. The present data are based on a random 64 people on a voluntary basis of rather smaller numbers and with a narrow age range. Also, in our smoking questionnaire, there was a gap between the second option, previous smoker who had not smoke within the last 6 months, and the third option, current smoker, who had smoke within the past week. Participants who had smoke within the span of less than 6 months and more than the past week were included as previous smokers. However, the limitation toward non-delicate smoking habit questionnaire is minor because according to other studies, the options in smoking habits were more not sophisticated; non-smokers and smokers (Terra cciano, 2004). Result of neurotic grade and smoking habits had a minor difference to significant relationship; neuroticism scale seemed to vary in direct proportion to the participants’ current smoking status, therefore, various age range and sufficient number of participants are the factors that might have influenced the results to significant connection. To further research, neuroticism, a categorization of smokers by related features, might enable attempts at smoking cessation to be specific for each individual. The use of index of neuroticism might be value in assessing the effectiveness of different methods of preventing smoking and seems worth further investigation. To summarize, a standard questionnaires were completed by 64 individuals selected at random, asked about smoking habits and included questions from which a grade for neuroticism was obtained. The result demonstrated that, there is no evidence that the smokers are more neurotic than non-smokers, and there was no statistically significance between gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale. Reference Gorman, 1968 B. Gorman Social desirability factors and the Eysenck Personality Inventory Journal of Psychology, 69 (1968), pp. 75–83
Sunday, October 13, 2019
rescued :: essays research papers
Introduction Jacques Nasser was born in Lebanon in 1949, but grew up in Australia. He joined Ford's Australian operation as a financial analyst before he was barely 20, eager to see the world. In 1973, he came to the United States to join Ford's North American Truck Operations and the company's finance staff. Nasser jumped at the opportunity to travel around the world by accepting International assignments, which others avoided to places like Thailand, The Philippines, Venezuela and Argentina. He moved back to the United States after being promoted to the key position of President of Ford Automotive Operations and finally in 1999, he became Ford's CEO. Jacques Nasser has been portrayed as a man that possesses good and Impeccable leadership qualities. Before Nasser came on board of Ford's Motor Co., Ford had been a company that efficiently made cars, and in recent years at least, earned solid profits. Nasser has plans to take Ford to the forefront of the Motor industry and transform it into a nimble, flexible organization and better attuned to the International automobile Industry he sees emerging. From the very time Nasser joined Ford, he had displayed hardworking abilities, being from a modest and often intolerant surroundings as a Lebanese born immigrant in Anglo-dominated Australia. Jacques Nasser in his quest to make ford a front-runner in the motor Industry exhibited several signs of leadership, which has made the company progress. Jacques, in addition to having a profile that includes speaking fluent English, Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese (which are all qualities that a person involved in global operations of a business should possess), also speaks the most important language that any auto executive can understand: the language of a passion for cars that is respected by both consumers and enthusiasts alike, as reported in the Detroit News. As President and Chief executive officer of Ford Motor Company, Nasser has all of the credentials that point to a natural rise to top level management of a global automaker while continuing to embrace the equities that helped him to his ascension. As a true car lover, Jacques usually drives Ford's cars and other competitor's cars to know their various mechanisms, how they run and any other way it could be improved. Other executives are known to be usually driven around by personal chauffeurs, while Nasser derives joy from driving himself to wherever he is going with his sport cars. In the Management textbook by Griffin, hundreds of studies have been
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Theories of Aggression Essays -- Biology Essays Research Papers
Theories of Aggression "Two Gunman at Colorado School Reportedly Kill Up to 23 Before Dying in a Siege." On Tuesday, April 20, 1999, two students, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, of Columbine High School, shocked the nation when they entered the school armed with guns and explosives, killing fellow students and a teacher before taking their own lives. Stories of random violence and aggression such as this all too often plague the media. While the attention of the nation has recently been focused on the Colorado slayings, history reveals countless other similar crimes of aggression targeted towards innocent individuals. In both Nazi Germany and the more recent Bosnia conflict, ethnic cleansing has been used to violently eliminate certain races. In the early 1990s, Timothy McVegh's vengeful intentions led him to use a car bomb to kill hundreds of innocent people in the explosion of the Oklahoma City Federal Building. In these cases, the culprits were seemingly normal people that displaced their aggression on innocent bystanders for a variety of reasons. What is the cause of this unleashed aggression toward society? How can we come to explain such acts of aggression and violence? Are they a result of societal influences, or are some individuals biologically predisposed to crime? This paper attempts to analyze some of the prevailing theories of aggression. The theories can be classified into three groups: innate or biological theories, drive theories and social learning theories. In light of the evidence produced for each, it is my goal to formulate a conclusion about which particular theory seems most substantiated and reasonable. Sigmund Freud is well known as the father of psychoanalysis. In his early theory, Freud ass... ...h murders and violence, we must regard aggression as a summated response to many factors. Individually, the factors probably are harmless, but when united, they can be unleashed as aggression in which case terrible crimes take the lives of so many innocent people. WWW Sources 1)Freud's Theory http://home.fgi.net/~freud/index.htm 2)Freud Biography http://werple.net.au/~gaffcam/phil/psych1.htm 3)Instinct Theory http://www.student.richmond.edu/~efecteau/instinct.html 4)Aggression Theories http://rock.uwc.edu/psych/psy330/outlines/aggression.htm 5)Theories of Aggression http://www.unn.ac.uk/academic/ss/psychology/resource/it/1/HAZ.HTM 6) The Theoretical Development of Aggression http://academic.csub.edu/~lvega/dustin2.html 7) Aggression and Violence: Examining the Theories http://www.nursing-standard.co.uk/vol12-27/research.htm
Friday, October 11, 2019
Puppy vs Older Dog
So you are in the market for a family dog, adopting a puppy can get very frustrating and over-whelming. There are many things to consider when looking for a dog. One choice to start with would be adopting a puppy or adopting an older dog, which would best suite your families lifestyle. Many people with careers, families, and hobbies do not have time to train a puppy and they forget to take that into consideration upon purchasing. I suggest adopting an older dog is the wisest choice considering they are more predictable, require a lesser amount of attention, and tend to be less costly.There are many differences between the behavior and predictability of an older dog and a puppy. How can you resist a cuddly, cute, and pudgy, little puppy. By adopting a puppy you are never too certain on what you are getting yourself into. A puppy is an adorable pet, but that stage will only last for the first year or so. They will soon grow out of that adorable little animal and turn into a dog. Adopti ng an older dog is pretty much predictable, what you see is what you get.Although, you will not be able to enjoy that cute ball of energy, you will have a better idea of the over all personality of your dog and how it will act more on a day to day basis. The dog will be at its full size from the earliest of a year old to three years old, and the crazy chewing and nipping stage is most likely out of the way because they will have all their teeth in. When teaching older dogs a new habit, they are more mind-set and alert on what is going on, making them easier and faster to train. With this being mentioned, you can teach a dog new tricks!Older dogs are less time consuming is another measure when taking into account on adopting a new family dog. They can be left alone for a longer period of time, anywhere between 8-12 hours, which a puppy would not be able to do. As read in the Housetraining article, â€Å"Generally speaking, a puppy can control his bladder one hour for every month of age. So if you're puppy is two months old, he can hold it for about two hours. Don't go any longer than this between bathroom breaks or he's guaranteed to have an accident. †(â€Å"Housetraining†, 2012, Para. ). There are other factors to take into consideration when speaking about time consuming. No matter what kind of dog you choose you will still need to have daily routine care, exercise, and affection available. This being said, all dogs will need to be picked up after, feed 1-3 times a day, taken for walks, brushed, petted and even just cuddled with. A dog is basically a member of your family, they are very comparable to having your own child. Treat them with love and affection. Even the matter of discipline takes time and effort.Many people get sick and tired of yelling at there dog and showing it the right thing to do. Dogs are very intelligent canines and will eventually catch on to what you are showing them, it is just a matter of time and patients that you ac company yourself with. Finally, how much is that doggie in the window? Dr. Williams proclaims, â€Å"The expense of owning a pet is probably the most overlooked consequence of any pet-owner relationship. Advances in pet care, especially in the development of pet foods and medical research, have caused ownership costs to increase over the last 10 years.Since it's not likely that this trend will reverse itself any time soon, potential â€Å"pet parents†should consider their finances before taking home a new pet. †(Williams, 2013, para. 4). Aside from adoption costs, there are other expenses such as, dog bowls, dog toys, dog food, first visit vet costs, leash, collar, tags, and dog license. Adopting an older dog will mean the dog will tend to be bigger than that of a puppy, therefore it will eat more inquiring more money monthly being spent on food.Although if you are adopting a puppy there are more factors that influence the cost a long with the ones listed above you w ill also need to get the dog spayed/neutered, cage, crate, carrying bag, and possibly training classes. Factoring in all these necessities, a puppy’s first year may cost up to $1500. 00 and an older dog can be nearly $800. 00, having pets are not as cheap as they once were, when people just kept them outside in doghouses all day long. Nowadays we treat them like family and loyal companions.Between the time availability, money factors, and predictability of what you are getting yourself into I would consider adopting an older dog is a clear and satisfying choice. Not only will you be happy with the dog you choose but you are also adopting your new best friend. References Housetraining Puppies. (2012). The humane society of the United States. Retrieved from http://www. humanesociety. org/animals/dogs/tips/housetraining_puppies. html Williams, J. (2013). What is costs to own a dog. Pet place. Retrieved from http://www. petplace. com/dogs/what-it-costs-to-own-a-dog/page1. aspx
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Steps of Coducting an Audit
I sincerely hope that this assignment meets your approval and demonstrates my ability to resent assignments. If you require further clarification, I will be happy to contact you according to your convenience. Sincerely, Ishrat Nahid ID: 0930183 Executive Summery An auditor is an official whose Job it is to carefully check the accuracy of business records. An auditor can be either an independent auditor unaffiliated with the company being audited or a captive auditor, and some are elected public officials. Auditors are used to ensure that organizations are maintaining accurate and honest financial records and statements.In this report I have written about the plan of audit and the importance of ndependence of auditors. Planning the audit is an important step to conduct the audit. Auditor uses different planning methods to determine risk assessment, assessment of internal controls etc. The auditor either internal or external cannot complete all the aspects of the audit in one year. The auditors plan the audit is such a way they can cover the audit over a period of time. Auditor independence is one of the most important issues in accounting practice today.Independence increases the effectiveness of the audit by providing assurance that the auditor will plan and execute the audit objectively. High-quality audits enhance the reliability of the financial reporting process by investors and other users. Topic 1. Planning of audit 15- 163. References Page no 5-14 2. Independence of auditor 17 audit report Planning refers to the process of deciding what to do and how to do it. Planning involves selecting mission and objective and the actions to achieve them; it requires decision making that is, choosing from among alternative future course of actions.Plans thus provide a rational approach to achieving reselected objectives. Planning is an intellectually demanding process; it requires that we consciously determine ourses of action and base our decisions on purpose, knowle dge and considered estimates. An audit plan is the specific guideling to be followed when conducting an internal or external audit. Internal audits are usually conducted by a company's accounting staff and are primarily used for a management review of accounting process.External audits are conduct by external public accounting firms or private certified accountants (CPA) to ensure outside stakeholders that the company's financial information is prepared in accordance with that Jurisdiction's accepted accounting principles. External audit usually use a formal audit plan for auditors to follow when conducting audits. Audit planning improves the quality of audit work. It is necessary for an effective, efficient and timely audit. Adequate audit planning establishes the right means to achieve the objectives of audit.It helps in identifying potential problems and ensures that work is completed expeditiously. An audit plan does help the auditor not only to understand the scope of audit but also facilities smooth conduct of audit. Auditors use five types of test to determine whether financial statements are fairly stated: rocedures to obtain understanding of internal control, tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions, analytical procedures and tests of details of balances. All audit procedures fall into one or more than one of these five categories.By these tests detection risk reduces and effectiveness of internal control has increase. Five types of tests are firstly, update and evaluate the auditor's previous experience with the entity. Secondly, make inquiries of client personnel. Thirdly, read client's policy and systems manuals. Fourthly, examine documents and records. Fifthly, observe entity and operations. A meaningful audit plan considers some basic steps. If these basic steps are the minimal possible time. Step 1: Talk to the client The auditor discusses the nature of the engagement and the client's business and industry trends at the beginning of planning.Insights gained from this discussion help the au ditor navigate through the remainder of the audit planning procedures. These insights set the stage for an active two way communication process that result in a fully engaged audi tor. Step 2: Obtaining background information An extensive understanding of the clients business and industry and knowledge bout the company's operations are essential for doing an adequate audit. The auditor asks about recent developments in the company that may cause the audit to differ from prior years.Developments such as mergers, new locations or new product lines may have a significant impact on the audit plan for the current year. These discussions take place at the client 10 cation. Going on site provides the auditor the opportunity to meet with key employees or new employees and to see for him or herself any changes in the overall operations of the client. Step 3: Prepare A Complete list of items needed from the client Before starting uditi ng auditors require samples, documents and many other papers those auditors need to audit.A meaningful audit plan pro vides an updated list of client-prepared items that considers the following: New schedules because of changed risk profiles at the client New schedules resulting from a change in audit ap proach Example schedules and templates so the client prepares them in the auditors desired format Insertion of due dates for each schedule that has been agreed to by the client For larger clients, insert the name of a person respon Sible for the completion of the schedule that has been agreed to by the client
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Music Role of a Composer Essay
A person who creates the music the music we listen to by writing a piece of music for theatre, radio, film, TV and computer games where music is needed is known as composer. Composing of music has played a vital role in the lives of composers making others to be considered as princes of music like Josquin and Palestrina yet others had unique styles of composing their music. The roles of a composer are to create music by creating situations in which sounds will basically be. A composer has to devise strategies to ensure coordination of elements of performers set into motion. This is achieved by ensuring that proper notation of music has been done in order to accurately direct musicians. The task of a composer is to write an original piece of music fitting for a specific mission after which the composition will then be performed by musicians. The music composed might be having lyrics or just instrumental. Furthermore, it can be either in the form of country, classical jazz or even folk. The work of composer improved a great deal between 900 to 1820. in the 900’s, composers used to create music in that there is a solo singer and choirs or more probably in an Organum style . In the process of change, music styles became more complex and multiple parts were used for different instruments and this help to bring harmony. The recorder, lute and the invention of printing press that brought about standardization of musical notation. Later the Organum was modified into the modern harmony of today by use of a figured bass to accompany a melody. The introduction of keyboard in equal temperament enabled different keys to be used without alteration. Finally, during the classical period, the composers fostered for loyalty or nobility of the time. The composers of the time were offered with creative tools to build many accredited pieces of music given that the concept of music was abstract and detached allowing them to explore the music industry. Josquin Desprez (1440-1521) was the master of composing in his time . He created his music with careful words which were of marvelous simplicity and sophistication. Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1827) was the instrumentals in bringing into being the romantic music era. These two men brought about great change in the musical industry and meaning to composers without fear of experimenting. References Fulcher, J. The Composer as an Intellectual. Music and Ideology in France 1914-1940. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005 Smith J. & Carlson B. The Gift of Music: Great Composers and Their Influence. Crossway, 1995
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